CBT Cognitive Distortions

Aaron T. Beck · 1976

Ten recurrent cognitive distortions from cognitive behavioural therapy, for tagging biased appraisals in text.

The CBT Cognitive Distortions are a set of ten recurrent errors in thinking described within cognitive behavioural therapy. Each names a characteristic way that automatic thoughts systematically bias the appraisal of the self, others, and the future.

This scale is a span-annotation instrument: tag the span where the subject expresses a distorted appraisal and label it with the distortion. The operational definitions and examples here are authored in-house and are not reproduced from any proprietary self-help text. Several distortions overlap — see each domain's Contrastive Learning section for how to choose between neighbours (e.g. Mental Filter vs Disqualifying the Positive, Labeling vs Overgeneralization).

Domains (10)

All-or-Nothing ThinkingAON

Evaluating experiences in absolute, binary categories with no middle ground.

Curated skill
OvergeneralizationOVG

Treating a single negative event as evidence of a never-ending, universal pattern.

Curated skill
Mental FilterMFL

Attending to a single negative detail while filtering out everything positive or neutral.

Curated skill
Disqualifying the PositiveDQP

Actively rejecting positive experiences by insisting they do not count.

Curated skill
Jumping to ConclusionsJTC

Drawing a definite negative conclusion without supporting evidence (mind reading or fortune telling).

Curated skill
Magnification / CatastrophizingMAG

Exaggerating the importance or consequences of a problem (or minimizing the positive).

Curated skill
Emotional ReasoningEMO

Treating a feeling as if it were factual evidence about reality.

Curated skill
Should StatementsSHD

Rigid rules about how oneself, others, or the world must, should, or ought to be.

Curated skill
LabelingLBL

Attaching a fixed, global negative label to oneself or others from specific events.

Curated skill
PersonalizationPRS

Taking responsibility or blame for events one did not primarily cause.

Curated skill
Beck AT. Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders. International Universities Press; 1976.

Non-proprietary clinical framework; operational definitions authored in-house, not reproduced from Burns.