Empathic Communication Coding System (ECCS)

Carma L. Bylund, Gregory Makoul · 2005

Bylund & Makoul's system for coding patient-created empathic opportunities and the empathy level (0-6) of the provider's response.

The Empathic Communication Coding System (ECCS) analyzes empathy in medical encounters as a two-step sequence. First, the patient creates an empathic opportunity — a statement of an emotion, a progress (achievement), or a challenge (difficulty). Second, the provider responds, and that response is rated on a seven-point scale (0-6) for how much empathy it conveys, from denial of the patient's perspective (0) to a shared feeling or experience (6).

In this scale the three opportunity types (EMO, PRG, CHL) are highlighted in the patient's speech, and the Empathic Response Level (ERL) is coded on the provider's reply, carrying the 0-6 rating as its severity. Note that Level 6 (shared feeling) is not held to be "better" than Level 5 (confirmation) — only conceptually different.

Domains (4)

Emotion OpportunityEMO

A patient statement that directly or indirectly expresses an emotion or feeling, creating an empathic opportunity.

Curated skill
Progress OpportunityPRG

A patient statement describing a personal achievement, improvement, or progress.

Curated skill
Challenge OpportunityCHL

A patient statement describing a challenge, hardship, or difficulty in their life.

Curated skill
Empathic Response LevelERL

The provider's response to a patient-created empathic opportunity, rated 0-6 for the empathy it conveys.

Curated skill
Bylund CL, Makoul G. Examining empathy in medical encounters: an observational study using the Empathic Communication Coding System. Health Commun. 2005;18(2):123-140. (See also Bylund & Makoul, Patient Educ Couns. 2002;48(3):207-216.) doi:10.1207/s15327027hc1802_2

Bylund & Makoul 2002/2005; author-shared, free for research/education with citation. Operational wording here is grounded in the published system, not reproduced verbatim. Cite Bylund & Makoul.