Gaze Direction (Image Coding)

Adam Kendon · 1967

Where a person is looking, coded from a still frame — at their partner, away, down, or at an object or screen.

Gaze is the most studied nonverbal channel in clinical communication, and the one most often lost when a consultation is reviewed from a transcript alone. Kendon's foundational work distinguished gaze at a partner from gaze away, and showed the two do different interactional work: looking at signals attention and yields the floor, looking away accompanies planning and self-disclosure.

Intended for detection studies on video frames or photographs. Draw a box around the person's head and code where their gaze is directed. In a multi-person frame, code each person separately — the interesting measure is usually whether the two codes coincide (see the Engagement Cues scale for mutual gaze as its own code).

A frame is not a gaze event. A single image can only tell you where someone was looking at that instant. Duration, mutuality over time and gaze-aversion patterns need a video timeline, not a frame — code what the frame supports and no more.

Severity is clarity. Head pose is a weak proxy for eye direction: a face turned toward the partner with eyes down is not gaze-at-partner. If the eyes are not resolvable, the honest rating is Uncertain or Partial regardless of how the head is angled.

Domains (4)

Gaze at partnerGAP

Eyes directed at the other person's face or eyes. Head pose alone is not sufficient — the eyes must support it.

Curated skill
Gaze avertedGAV

Eyes directed away from the partner and not downward — to the side, past them, or into middle distance.

Curated skill
Gaze downwardGDN

Eyes cast down, often with the head inclined. Distinguished from averted because downward gaze carries different meaning (reflection, shame, note-taking).

Curated skill
Gaze at object or screenGOB

Eyes directed at a document, instrument, screen or other object rather than a person — the computer-gaze problem in consultations.

Curated skill
Kendon A. Some functions of gaze-direction in social interaction. Acta Psychologica. 1967;26:22-63. doi:10.1016/0001-6918(67)90005-4

Conceptual framework from the published literature — free to operationalize with citation. Category definitions are Tagaroo's own operational wording for frame-level image coding.